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5 Ago. 2019

Comunicación horizontal y vertical: ventajas e inconvenientes

 

La comunicación dentro dentro de la empresa es uno de los elementos más importantes para conseguir una buen gestión y, en consecuencia, obtener unos buenos resultados. Podemos distinguir dos tipos: la comunicación horizontal y vertical. 

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Diferencias entre comunicación horizontal y vertical

Cuando hablamos de comunicación horizontal y vertical en el ámbito empresarial, nos referimos a lo siguiente:

  1. Comunicación horizontal: la que se realiza entre personas que ocupan el mismo nivel en el organigrama empresarial. Por ejemplo, una comunicación entre directores de distintos departamentos o entre trabajadores del nivel jerárquico, que pueden ser del mismo departamento o no.
  2. Comunicación vertical: la que se realiza entre personas que ocupan distintos niveles en el organigrama empresarial. Por ejemplo, una comunicación entre un director de departamento y el director general o entre un trabajador y el director de su departamento. Dentro de la comunicación vertical podemos distinguir entre comunicación ascendente si el emisor principal está por debajo del receptor en el organigrama empresarial y comunicación descendente si ocurre a la inversa.

La comunicación horizontal y vertical son ambas necesarias en toda empresa y debe existir un equilibrio entre ellas. Pero ¿qué ocurre si en una empresa predomina la comunicación horizontal o si predomina la comunicación vertical? En este post daremos respuesta a estas cuestiones, de forma que podremos ver fácilmente las ventajas y los inconvenientes de cada uno de los dos casos.

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Empresas con comunicación horizontal

Ventajas de la comunicación horizontal

En el entorno empresarial actual, a diferencia del que se vivía hace solo unos veinte años, se da gran importancia a:

  • La inteligencia emocional.
  • La empatía.
  • El compañerismo.
  • El trabajo en equipo.

Y, en definitiva, al componente social que deriva en la felicidad en el trabajo. Lograr este tipo de clima laboral solo es posible si permitimos la comunicación horizontal libre, en la que los compañeros de trabajo pueden conversar, tomar café juntos y sentirse libres de expresar con respeto sus opiniones y pensamientos cuando toque trabajar en equipo.

Por lo tanto, si en una empresa predomina la comunicación horizontal obtendremos todos esos beneficios y, además,

  • Aumentaremos la retención del talento. Es decir, conseguiremos que los trabajadores, al estar felices en su puesto de trabajo actual, no quieran abandonarlo para irse a otra empresa que les haga una oferta. 
  • Crearemos un sentimiento de pertenencia, unos lazos emocionales que les hará sentirse parte del grupo.
  • Obtendremos un mayor ahorro de recursos al no tener que realizar procesos adicionales de selección de personal y nuevas formaciones acerca del funcionamiento de la empresa, además de conseguir un talento experto en su materia y una motivación alta. 

Inconvenientes de la comunicación horizontal

Sin embargo, un exceso de comunicación horizontal sin comunicación vertical puede derivar en una apreciación de falta de autoridad que desemboque en lo siguiente:

  • Una relajación en los esfuerzos de los trabajadores, que rendirán menos.
  • La ausencia de la figura de un líder que guíe, lo que dispersará los mismos esfuerzos.
  • Falta de claridad en la estrategia de la empresa, los objetivos y demás aspectos fundamentales. 
  • Aumento de los rumores, lo que puede tener consecuencias desagradables.

comunicacion horizontal y vertical

Empresas con comunicación vertical

Ventajas de la comunicación vertical

Por otro lado, en las empresas de hace veinte años y de más atrás, predominaba la comunicación vertical, principalmente descendente. Es decir, los jefes daban órdenes y los empleados las obedecían sin discusión.

  • Los empleados pueden comunicar a sus jefes sus puntos de vista y sus sugerencias respecto a las órdenes recibidas.
  • Creación de una retroalimentación positiva
  • Aumento de la productividad
  • Los trabajadores se sienten escuchados
  • Creación de vínculos emocionales con la empresa. 

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Inconvenientes de la comunicación vertical

Sin embargo, si predomina la comunicación vertical habrá:

  • Carencia de contacto entre los miembros del mismo departamento
  • Mayor probabilidad los malentendidos,
  • Tareas duplicadas
  • Fugas de tiempo. 
  • Efecto negativo para la productividad empresarial.

La clave está en el equilibrio

Como en casi todos los aspectos de la vida… ¡la clave está en el equilibrio!

Si aprovechamos las ventajas de la comunicación horizontal y vertical tendremos una organización equilibrada. La buena noticia es que aunque en una empresa esté instaurado un tipo de comunicación, siempre se puede cambiar. Hay que hacer esfuerzos y los cambios pueden tardar en dar resultados, pero podemos dirigirnos hacia una empresa con una mejor comunicación. 

Así podremos ver una empresa donde los trabajadores de todos los niveles colaboran y cooperan entre ellos, se toman decisiones, se dispone de información sobre las tareas a desarrollar y sobre la estrategia de la empresa, con una mayor motivación y alineación de los empleados con la compañía y con un buen clima laboral.

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